THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN SCIENCE

Abstract

The article examines the history of the development of quantum physics, its theoretical foundations, and its significance in the advancement of modern science and technology. It discusses the reasons for the emergence of quantum theory arising from the limitations of classical physics, as well as the contributions of M. Planck's quantum hypothesis, A. Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect, N. Bohr's atomic model, L. de Broglie's wave-particle duality, and the pioneering work of E. Schrödinger and W. Heisenberg in the development of quantum mechanics. In addition, the paper describes the fundamental mathematical framework of quantum mechanics, including the wave function, the uncertainty principle, the principles of superposition, and the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. The findings demonstrate that quantum physics serves as the scientific foundation for modern quantum computers, quantum cryptography, laser technologies, photonics, and advanced information technologies. The study concludes that the continued development of quantum theory represents one of the most important directions for future scientific and technological progress.