HISTORICAL COGNITION

Abstract

Historical cognition is a key component of education that enables learners to understand the past, interpret events, and form critical perspectives on contemporary issues. This article examines the concept of historical cognition as both a cognitive and cultural process that fosters national identity, civic responsibility, and global awareness. The study highlights how historical cognition develops through interaction with sources, analysis of historical evidence, and reflection on cause-and-effect relationships. Special attention is given to the role of schools in shaping students’ historical consciousness by using innovative methods, such as digital archives, interactive technologies, and project-based learning. The article also addresses challenges, including the risks of biased interpretations, limited access to resources, and the need for critical thinking skills. By comparing international practices with the Kazakhstani educational context, the research proposes strategies to strengthen historical cognition as a foundation for fostering informed, responsible, and active citizenship in the 21st century.